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- Two wars 1912-13 and 1913
- (preceding World War I) which resulted in the
- expulsion by the Balkan states of Ottoman
- Turkey from Europe, except for a small area
- around Istanbul. The First Balkan War, 1912,
- of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro
- against Turkey, forced the Turks to ask for
- an armistice, but the London-held peace
- negotiations broke down when the Turks, while
- agreeing to surrender all Turkey-in-Europe W
- of the city of Edirne (formerly Adrianople),
- refused to give up the city itself. In Feb
- 1913 hostilities were resumed. Edirne fell on
- 26 Mar and on 30 May, by the Treaty of
- London, Turkey retained in Europe only a
- small piece of E Thrace and the Gallipoli
- peninsula. The Second Balkan War, June-July
- 1913, took place when Bulgaria attacked
- Greece and Serbia, which were joined by
- Romania. Bulgaria was defeated, and Turkey
- secured from that country the cession of
- Edirne.
-